One post tagged with "flutter"

Managing async data & mutations in Flutter is like a breeze now🌬️​

If you’re familiar with Flutter, you’re definitely familiar with FutureBuilder. After all this is the only way you can fetch data in Flutter with proper state, or is it? But you might’ve noticed every time the Widget gets rebuild the Future is run along too unless you declare your Future in initState

But even if you declare your future in initState to avoid reruns across rebuilds it will still rerun when the Widget gets disposed & mounted again. So what’s the solution? Ans: FutureProvider from riverpod or provider

Hold on a sec, but it’s not another riverpod/provider article? No, it's not.

Yeah, to cache your future results or server response in you can use FutureProvider. It can store & distribute the result all across the application without multiple reruns of the same operation. But what happens when the Data becomes expired or stale? What if your app won’t need that data after some time but the data still wasting RAM?

This is where Fl-Query comes to play. It’s an Async Data + Mutation Manager for Flutter that caches, fetches, automatically refetches stale data. Similar to Tanstack Query in the World of web development, but only the concept is implemented & The API is very similar to what Flutter Developers are used to & so it makes everyone feel like home

Enough talk let’s jump to the big part.

What does it offer?​

• Async data caching & invalidation
• Smart & highly configurable refetch mechanism that smartly updates stale/expired data in the background when needed
• Declarative way to define asynchronous operations
• Garbage Collects Query & Mutation. That means unused queries sitting in the Cache for long time gets automatically removed
• Code & data reusability because of persisted data & Query/Mutation Job API
• Optimistic updates
• Lazy Loading Queries. Run you defined asynchronous task or operation when needed
• Zero Configuration out of the box Global Store that no one ever have to touch
• Supports both Vanilla Flutter & Flutter Hooks

Let’s see some Code​

// A QueryJob is where the Logic of how the data should be 
// fetched can defined. The task callback is a PURE Function 
// & have access to external resources through the second 
// parameter where the first parameter is the queryKey
final successJob = QueryJob<String, void>(
  queryKey: "query-example",
  task: (queryKey, externalData) => Future.delayed(
    const Duration(seconds: 2),
    () =>
        "The work successfully executed. Data: key=($queryKey) value=${
          Random.secure().nextInt(100)
        }",
  ),
);

class MyApp extends StatelessWidget {
  const MyApp({Key? key}) : super(key: key);

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    // QueryBowlScope creates a Bowl (metaphor for Collection/Store)
    // for all the Queries & Mutations
    return QueryBowlScope(
      child: MaterialApp(
        title: 'Fl-Query Quick Start',
        theme: ThemeData(
          useMaterial3: true,
          primarySwatch: Colors.blue,
        ),
        home: const MyHomePage(),
      ),
    );
  }
}

class BasicExample extends StatelessWidget {
  const BasicExample({Key? key}) : super(key: key);

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Column(
      crossAxisAlignment: CrossAxisAlignment.start,
      children: [
        Text(
          "# Basic Query Example",
          style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.headline5,
        ),
        // QueryBuilder Widget provides the expected query 
        // instances through the builder callback based on 
        // the passed job & externalData argument
        QueryBuilder<String, void>(
          job: successJob,
          externalData: null,
          builder: (context, query) {
            if (!query.hasData || query.isLoading || query.isRefetching) {
              return const CircularProgressIndicator();
            }
            return Row(
              children: [
                Text(query.data!),
                ElevatedButton(
                  child: const Text("Refetch"),
                  onPressed: () async {
                    await query.refetch();
                  },
                ), // Text
              ],
            ); // Row
          },
        ), // QueryBuilder
      ],
    );
  }
}

Here’s three key important part in the code

• QueryBowlScope: It's the store where all queries & mutations are stored and distributed throughout the application
• QueryJob: This what one can use to declare and define the asynchronous operations that retrieves data from server or any other place
• QueryBuilder: It creates appropriate Query by using the provided job & provides the Query in the builder method. It is the way the data & the UI connects

QueryBowlScope & QueryJob has many properties that can be configured & changed in a way that best suits your application. Most of their properties are some. But properties defined in QueryBowlScope are global configuration where QueryJob is specific to that very Query

Query External Data​

One thing you might’ve notice or have been thinking that the task function is separated from the Widget so how would you use other services, classes, methods or data in it. Simply, how will give inputs to a Query Task or the asynchronous operation? This is where the second parameter of QueryJob’s task callback comes to play. You can use the QueryBuilder’s externalData named argument to pass data to the task callback. You can literally use anything as externalData. Just pass the Type as Type Parameter to QueryJob & QueryBuilder

QueryJob with externalData example:

// This job requires a pre-configured HTTP Client from the http package
// as externalData
// The first Type Parameter is the Type of returned Data & 2nd one is the Type
// of externalData
final anotherJob = QueryJob<String, Client>(
  queryKey: "another-unique-key",
  task: (queryKey, httpClient){
    return httpClient
            .get("https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos/1")
            .then((response) => response.body);
  }
);

Now let’s use this job inside a Widget

Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    // getting the instance of Client provided by the [provider] package
    final client = Provider.of<Client>(context);
    
    return QueryBuilder<String, void>(
      job: anotherJob,
      // passing the client as externalData
      externalData: client,
      builder: (context, query) {
        if (!query.hasData || query.isLoading) {
          return const CircularProgressIndicator();
        }
        // remember to always show a fallback widget/screen for errors too. 
        // It keeps the user aware of status of the application their using
        // & saves their time
        else if(query.hasError && query.isError){
          return Text(
            "My disappointment is immeasurable & my day is ruined for this stupid error: $error",
          );
        }
        return Row(
          children: [
                        // accessing the returned data & showing it
            Text(query.data["title"]),
            ElevatedButton(
              child: const Text("Refetch"),
              onPressed: () async {
                await query.refetch();
              },
            ),
          ],
        );
      },
    );
  }

That’s it. It is that easy to provide externalData to a Query task

By default, when externalData changes the Query is not refetched. But you can change this behavior if you want the query to refetch everytime externalData changes. Just set refetchOnExternalDataChange to true in QueryJob for that specific Query or in QueryBowlScope for all Queries

Query Refetch & Stale Time​

Every query is updated when needed. But you can trigger a refetch for a Query or multiple queries manually. This can be useful after a mutation or the application data has changed for sure. The Query.refetch allows to refetch a single query where QueryBowl.of(context).refetchQueries allows refetching multiple queries at the same time

Here’s an example of single query refetch:

ElevatedButton(
 onPressed: () async {
   await query.refetch();
 }
 child: Text("Refetch")
);

Now for refetching multiple queries:

TextField(
    controller: controller,
    onSubmitted: (value){
        QueryBowl.of(context).refetchQueries(
            [exampleJob1.queryKey, exampleJob2.queryKey]
        );
    }
);

The QueryBowl.of method gives access to many methods used internally in Fl-Query. Its just an imperative way to do some things when it's necessary. It provides access to many useful methods & properties e.g. refetchQueries, invalidateQueries, resetQueries, isFetching etc

Stale Time means the amount of time when after a Query or multiple Query’s data should be considered as outdated

By default, Queries become stale as soon as fetch/refetch completes. But this can be configured using the staleTime property of QueryBowlScope for global configuration or per Query basis using the QueryJob's property

final job = QueryJob<String, Client>(
  queryKey: "another-unique-key",
  // now the data of the query will become stale after 30 seconds when the
  // fetch/refetch executes
    staleTime: Duration(seconds: 30),
  task: (queryKey, httpClient){
    return httpClient
            .get("https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos/1")
            .then((response) => response.body);
  }
);

Query status​

A Query can be in following statuses

• isSuccess: When the task function returned data successfully
• isError: When the task function returned an error
• isLoading: When the task function is running
• isRefetching: When new data is being fetched or simply the refetch method is executing
• isIdle: When there's no data & Query's task has not been yet run

These are Query Progress Status there’s another type of status of Query too. They’re called Data availability status. Following are:

• hasData: When query contains data no matters what's happening Basically, query.data != null
• hasError: When the query contains error. Basically, query.error != null

Remember, don’t use isLoading only for Loading Indicators as even if the Query isSucessful the data can still be null. So use !query.hasData || query.isLoading to ensure there’s no null exceptions

That is all about queries. It has so much more useful functionalities & features that it can’t be covered in a single article. Please visit the docs for more info (https://fl-query.vercel.app)

Mutations​

Queries are used for retrieving Data or for GET requests where Mutation are, Unlike queries, typically used to create/update/delete data or perform server side effects

Basically, a mutation is a type of asynchronous operation that modifies already available data or adds data in a store or remote server

Just like QueryJob Mutation has MutationJob that can be used to define the mutation operation or configuring different stuff

Here’s a MutationJob example:

final basicMutationJob = MutationJob<Map, Map<String, dynamic>>(
  // instead of queryKey mutation has mutationKey
  mutationKey: "unique-mutation-key",
  task: (key, data) async {
    final response = await http.post(
      Uri.parse(
        // to simulate a failing response environment
        Random().nextBool()
            ? "https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts"
            : "https://google.com",
      ),
      headers: {'Content-type': 'application/json; charset=UTF-8'},
      body: jsonEncode(data),
    );
    return jsonDecode(response.body);
  },
);

The task callback of MutationJob has a variable parameter. It might seem like externalData from QueryJob, but it's a little different. Instead of passing data through externalData argument of QueryBuider, you’ve to pass it through mutate or mutateAsync method of Mutation

Now let’s use this MutationJob with our MutationBuilder

Widget build(context){
    return MutationBuilder<Map, Map<String, dynamic>>(
     job: basicMutationJob,
     builder: (context, mutation) {
       return Padding(
          padding: const EdgeInsets.all(8.0),
            // Its just basic Form
          child: Column(
            children: [
               TextField(
                 controller: titleController,
                 decoration: const InputDecoration(labelText: "Title"),
               ),
               TextField(
                  controller: bodyController,
                  decoration: const InputDecoration(labelText: "Body"),
               ),
               const SizedBox(height: 20),
               ElevatedButton(
                 onPressed: () {
                   final title = titleController.value.text;
                   final body = bodyController.value.text;
                   if (body.isEmpty || title.isEmpty) return;
                    // calling the mutate of the mutation
                                        mutation.mutate({
                       "title": title,
                       "body": body,
                       "id": 42069, // the holy number as ID
                      }, onData: (data) {
                        // resetting the form
                        titleController.text = "";
                        bodyController.text = "";
                    });
                  },
                  child: const Text("Post"),
               ),
                const SizedBox(height: 20),
                // accessing the mutation result
                if (mutation.hasData) Text("Response\n${mutation.data}"),
                if (mutation.hasError) Text(mutation.error.toString()),
             ],
           ),
         );
      });
}

Above, there are 2 text fields that provide title and body of a Post & we’re running the mutation whenever the submit button is pressed. The mutate method accepts 3 arguments

• 1st parameter/Variables
• onData: A callback that runs when result is available & Mutation is successful
• onError: A callback that runs when result is available & Mutation is successful

Optimistic Updates​

The most interesting part of Mutations are the onMutate callback of MutationBuilder. It’s a callback that runs just before executing the MutationJob.task. Here you can do all sort of crazy stuff. Such as adding predicted data to different queries before data being returned from the server or deleting an entire Query or anything you want. But in combination with onData you can update your application’s data Optimistically, so the user doesn’t have to wait

Optimistic update means, updating Query data with predictable data before actually getting back any result. Then, when the real data arrives, replace the predicted data with the real data without letting the user even know

Here’s a simple example of Optimistic Updates:

MutationBuilder<Map, String>(
    job: newUsernameMutation,
    onMutate: (value) {
      // getting the query that needs to be updated optimistically
      QueryBowl.of(context)
          .setQueryData<UserData, void>(job.queryKey, (oldData) {
            oldData.name = value;
            // you've to return a new instance of the oldData else fl-query
      // will assume data hasn't been updated thus won't trigger any changes
            return UserData.from(oldData);
      });
    },
    onData: (data){
        // replacing the predicted fake data with real data
        QueryBowl.of(context)
          .setQueryData<UserData, void>(job.queryKey, (oldData) {
            oldData.name = data["name"];
            // you've to return a new instance of the oldData else fl-query
      // will assume data hasn't been updated thus won't trigger any changes
            return UserData.from(oldData);
      });
  }
    builder: (context, mutation){
        ....
    ....
    ....
    }
);

This is all for Mutations. To learn more about Mutation read the docs

Hooks​

Fl-Query supports both Vanilla Flutter & flutter_hooks. Both aren’t much different everything is same but in fl_query_hooks you additionally get 2 hooks useQuery & useMutation which you can use in place of QueryBuilder & MutationBuilder.

useQuery​

It is basically QueryBuilder without all the typical Builder boilerplate. So when I write the 1st example with hooks it’ll look like this:

class BasicHookExample extends HookWidget {
  const BasicHookExample({Key? key}) : super(key: key);

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
        final query = useQuery(job: successJob, externalData: null);

    if(!query.hasData || query.isLoading || query.isRefetching)
            return const CircularProgressIndicator();

    return Row(
      children: [
        Text(query.data!),
        ElevatedButton(
          child: const Text("Refetch"),
          onPressed: () async {
            await query.refetch();
          },
         ), // Text
       ],
     ); // Row
  }
}

useMutation​

I guess, you know what useMutation does. It’s a replacement for MutationBuilder for flutter_hooks which makes code more clean & easier to read

Here’s a useMutation example:

Widget build(context){
    // the mutation object is the same passed as 
  // parameter in the builder method of MutationBuilder
    final mutation = useMutation(job);

    return /* .... (Imaginary Form) */;
}

This article only covers simple & most used features of Fl-Query. There are tons of more things that we can do with Fl-Query. Everything is available in the official docs which is a WIP. So you can contribute to that if you want. It’ll really help the project to move forward

Fl-Query is still under heavy development & it is expected to have bugs + unintended behavior. So if you find any please create an Issue with proper details. Also, we’re open for any suggestions. Suggest what you like or not or want Fl-Query to have. Probably contribute to the project with your own code & feature. It will be much appreciated

Since the project is in a very early stage it needs appropriate tests & I’m the worst excuse for Tester so Fl-Query needs some good testers who’re willing to contribute to the project with tests. If you want to contribute with tests. Please join the discussion by creating one

Give Fl-Query a ⭐Star⭐ in Github

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